Ge'ez, In fact, on this list of swear words, it's arguably the worst one. In Iran, Assyrians continued to remain as a small, albeit influential, minority until the Iranian Revolution of 1979, when many fled the country. Posted: Friday, February 03, 2012 at 01:11 PM UTC. Abkhaz, Under the Seljuks, conversions were motivated not only by political and economic reasons but also by fear. Kalderash Romani, Client rulers had to swear "oaths of obedience," Bedford wrote, noting that "part of the act of obedience was the annual sending of tribute to the Assyrian king." [218] Among the most famous Syriac-language translators and scholars of this period were Hunayn ibn Ishaq (809873) and Theophilus of Edessa (695785), both of whom translated the works of ancient authors such as Aristotle and also wrote their own scholarly works. Amharic, [103], From the time of Eriba-Adad II (r.10561054BC) onwards, the kings were unable to maintain the achievements of their predecessors. [168] Though Assyrians from both Athura and Media joined forces in an unsuccessful revolt against the Achaemenid king Darius the Great in 520 BC,[170] relations with the Achaemenid rulers were otherwise relatively peaceful. Chukchi, The bodies were disposed of by being burnt or thrown into wells. Arabic (Najdi), The horned cap attests to its divinity, and the belt signifies its power. Have a nice day! An offensive or rude word is referred to as a swear word and in Australia, we have a lot of them. Chaha, Old Church Slavonic, [k] In 1843 and 1846, the Assyrians of Hakkari were massacred by the Kurdish emir of Bohtan and Hakkari, Bedir Khan Beg, and regional Ottoman forces. There are many taboos associated with swear words and aspects of our society that make us uncomfortable. Nanai, Karelian, Evenki, Under Ashurnasirpal II (reign 883 B.C. Some local Christians, more knowledgeable of the area than the Crusaders, are attested as selling food to crusading forces for enormously inflated prices in times of famine, profiting at the expense of the invading armies. Khwarshi, Kulleh birnasheh ina biryeh kheereh U' damyaneh B' iqara U' zitqeh. Many Assyrians were also executed during the time of ISIL control. [272][273] Just one year after Iraq became fully independent from the British, the military and local tribesmen in August 1933 carried out the Simele massacre which targeted Assyrian villages. [252] Most frequent and wide-ranging were persecutions by the Ottoman Empire and by various Kurdish groups. Hausa, Qatabanic, Argobba, Its early rulers didn't refer to themselves as a "king" in their inscriptions; instead, they called themselves a "vicegerent" (a word that can mean "governor") of the god Ashur, Amlie Kuhrt, professor emeritus of ancient Near Eastern history at University College London, wrote in her book "The Ancient Near East, c. 3000-330 BC (opens in new tab)" (Routledge, 1995). [37] This period of Sumerian dominance over the city came to an end as the last king of the Third Dynasty of Ur, Ibbi-Sin (c. 20282004 BC) lost his administrative grip on the peripheral regions of his empire and Assur became an independent city-state under its own rulers, beginning with Puzur-Ashur I c. 2025 BC. Copyright 19982023 Simon Ager | Email: | Hosted by Kualo, Download Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian charts provided by Wolfram Siegel, Download alphabet charts for Neo-Assyrian, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic. Ultimately from Ancient Greek, Also borrowed into Classical Syriac. [47] Shortly after achieving independence, he further claimed the dignity of a great king on the level of the Egyptian pharaohs and the Hittite kings. Tiglath-Pileser I boasted in one inscription that "altogether I conquered 42 lands and their rulers" from across the Middle East, adding that he was a "valiant man" with an "unrivaled bow" who was such a good hunter that "I killed on foot 120 lions with my wildly vigorous assault" (translation by Albert Kirk Grayson). Now, it's more likely to be wielded against someone who's angered or annoyed you. The Old Assyrian period generally refers to the time after Assyria first gained independence, around 2000 B.C. [133], After securing the silver treasury of the city of Carchemish in 717 BC, Sargon began construction of another new imperial capital. [213] Under Muslim rule, the province or region containing the ancient Assyrian heartland was called al-Jazira, meaning "the island", in reference to the land between the Euphrates and Tigris. Due to continued Turkish annexation of Assyrian villages and imposing of Turkish names for them, many Assyrians fled Turkey, emigrating to countries such as Sweden, Germany, Austria and Switzerland. [115] Though no longer the political capital, Assur remained the ceremonial and religious center of Assyria. In 700 BC, Sennacherib invaded Babylonia again and drove Marduk-apla-iddina and Mushezib-Marduk away. Sargon II (reign ca. Frahm, Eckart (2017b). Botlikh, [288] The conflicts also led to tensions within the Assyrian community, as armed groups like the Khabour Guards and Nattoreh occasionally clashed with pro-YPG Assyrians like the Syriac Military Council. The territory the Assyrians controlled was vast, stretching from southern Iraq to the Mediterranean coast at the civilization's height in the seventh century B.C. The Elamite capital of Susa was captured and devastated and large numbers of Elamite prisoners were brought to Nineveh, tortured and humiliated. "This is the 'poverty of . [168] After the Achaemenid conquest of Babylon, the remaining inhabitants of Assur received the permission of Cyrus the Great to rebuild the city's ancient temple dedicated to Ashur[171] and Cyrus even returned Ashur's cult statue from Babylon. by William Warda author and historian. Budukh, [46] Though the locals in Assur considered Shamshi-Adad and his family to be foreign conquerors,[52] Shamshi-Adad did have certain respect for Assur and sometimes stayed in the city and partook in its religious ceremonies. [82] In addition to his various campaigns and conquests, which brought the Middle Assyrian Empire to its greatest extent,[77] Tukulti-Ninurta is also famous for being the first Assyrian king to transfer the capital of Assyria away from Assur itself. It is known that both Arbela and Kirkuk later served as important Christian centers in the Sasanian and later Islamic periods. (2002). Records from a 585 synod also testify to the existence of a metropolitan bishop of the ray (Assyrians), who was from northern Mesopotamia. At the same time as this more lenient approach, pressures on Christians gradually increased due to the Abbasids wishing to spread Islam. The better term for it would be "Ashuric" or "Ashuro-Mesopotamian", however scholars are still debating its proper classification. The texts are also very much a local Assyrian phenomenon, as their historical accounts are at odds with those of other historical writings of the Sasanian Empire. [186] Its relationship with the other Catholic Churches has deteriorated several times, particularly when hereditary succession was introduced in that church as well in 1600, something which led to a temporary break in communion with Rome. Assyria became overstretched and Tiglath-Pileser's successors were forced to adapt to be on the defensive. Khinalug, Britannica English: Translation of Assyrian for Arabic Speakers. Though Mutakkil-Nusku emerged victorious,[98] he ruled for less than a year. In about 1800 B.C., a ruler named Shamshi-Adad I (sometimes spelled Samsi-Adad) took control of Assur. http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aii/, Learn Assyrian (Syriac-Aramaic) online [31] Erishum is noteworthy for being the earliest known ruler in world history to experiment with free trade, leaving the initiative for trade and large-scale foreign transactions entirely to his populace. [273] In 1945, Shimun XXIII submitted the Assyrian National Petition to the newly established United Nations, urging the creation of an Assyrian state. Xibe, [83], Tukulti-Ninurta's main goal was Babylonia in the south; he intentionally escalated conflict with the Babylonian king Kashtiliash IV through claiming "traditionally Assyrian" lands along the eastern Tigris river. [182], Though tradition holds that Christianity was first spread to Mesopotamia by Thomas the Apostle,[185] the exact timespan when the Assyrians were first Christianized is unknown. Assyrian. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Assyrian. [77] As a result of Shalmaneser's victory in the campaign, the Mitanni capital of Washukanni was sacked[81] and the Mitanni lands were formally annexed into the Assyrian Empire. By around 1500 B.C., Assur was under strong influence, if not control, of a kingdom called Mitanni, Yamada wrote. Mild. [8], Syriac-language sources continued to connect the term "land of the Assyrians" not to the Sasanian province in the south, but to the ancient Assyrian heartland in the north. In Iran, the press of the Zahrir d-Bahra, which had published continuously since 1848, was destroyed in 1918. Lezgi, In, Veenhof, Klaas R. "The Old Assyrian Period (20th18th century BCE)". 1. launched a major attack on Nineveh, which the Assyrian king Sinsharishkun (reign ca. Udege, That is why swear words attract so much attention. In terms of church affairs, the Assyrians benefitted especially much from the regime change since the Abbasids ruled from Baghdad in Mesopotamia, and the Patriarchs of the Church of the East were thus closer to the seat of power than they had been under the Umayyads (who ruled from Damascus). Meanwhile, a group called the Medes, based in what is now Iran, also launched attacks on Assyrian forces. [259], In the Sayfo of the 1910s (mainly 1915), also known as the Assyrian genocide, part of a series of genocides imposed by the collapsing Ottoman Empire on its Christian minorities (alongside the Armenian and Greek genocides), perhaps as many as 250,000[b] Assyrians were killed and thousands more were forcibly converted to Islam. Kurigalzu's betrayal resulted in deep trauma and was still referenced in Assyrian writings concerning Babylonia more than a century later. Crimean Tatar, aq]n`y cAo? [1] Assyrian is one of the few languages where most of its foreign words come from a different language family (in this case, Indo-European). Ugaritic, [202] In some stories, explicit claims of descent are made. [254] Thousands of Assyrians were also murdered in the Hamidian massacres (18941897) and in the Adana massacre (1909), which were otherwise mainly directed towards Armenians. [46], Shamshi-Adad's extensive conquests in northern Mesopotamia eventually made him the ruler of the entire region,[46] founding what some scholars have termed the "Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia". [123][124] Tiglath-Pileser's accession ushered in a new age of the Neo-Assyrian Empire;[125] while the conquests of earlier kings were impressive, they contributed little to Assyria's full rise as a consolidated empire. Rusyn, The better term for At this time, Kltepe was also a city-state ruled by its own line of kings. [65] Assyrian rulers from c. 1520 to c. 1430 were more politically assertive than their predecessors, both regionally and internationally. &q^q2V-N&(2!/ZGIut\qfuEqVg1Qs/+NEI6)c*
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Ninurta-apal-Ekur and his immediate successors were no more able than Tukulti-Ninurta's descendants to halt the decline of the empire. [140] Esarhaddon defeated Arda-Mulissu in a civil war and successfully captured Nineveh, becoming king a mere two months after Sennacherib's murder. The Academy of Gondishapur in southern Mesopotamia, founded by Assyrians from Nisibis in the north, continued to operate and produce skilled Christian physicians under Muslim rule, many of whom were employed by the caliphs. [165] Individuals with Assyrian names are attested at multiple sites in Babylonia during the Neo-Babylonian Empire, including Babylon itself, Nippur, Uruk, Sippar, Dilbat and Borsippa. [216] These measures were however only rarely enforced and could in most cases be avoided through bribery. in a spirit of brotherhood. Nganasan, [177][180] From around or shortly after the end of the 2nd century BC,[181] the city may have become the capital of its own small semi-autonomous realm,[177] either under the suzerainty of Hatra,[182] or under direct Parthian suzerainty. [53] It is possible that Shamshi-Adad promoted a theology that equated Ashur and Enlil as one and the same. [20], Early Assur was probably a local religious and tribal center and must have been a town of some size since it had monumental temples. Also noteworthy was the large scale in which Tiglath-Pileser undertook resettlement policies, settling tens, if not hundreds, of thousand foreigners in both the Assyrian heartland and in far-away underdeveloped provinces. [115] A significant development during Ashurnasirpal's reign was the second transfer of the Assyrian capital away from Assur. A Babylonian inscription said the fight for Nineveh went on for a few months. [173] In the aftermath of the Achaemenid Empire's conquest by Alexander the Great in 330 BC, Assyria and much of the rest of the former Achaemenid lands came under the control of the Seleucid Empire, founded by Seleucus I Nicator, one of Alexander's generals. 622 B.C. 612 B.C.) Andi, Victims, regardless of age or gender, were decapitated, hacked to death and drawn and quartered. Even, At the start of this time period, Assyria had lost a considerable amount of territory. Ter Smi, The province of Ndragn is in some records alternatively referred to as Atria or thr (i.e. [240] An uncontroversial unifying term sometimes used in certain contexts is the Arabic designation Mas (meaning Christian). The top 4 are: aramaic, babylonian, akkadian and mesopotamia. 625 B.C. [252] Among the most infamous massacres were massacres of, and atrocities towards, Armenians and Assyrians in the Diyarbekir Vilayet, overseen by the local governor Mehmed Reshid. Assyrian Swear Words Languages (kwalian dialect) (pashto) 70s black 80s Aboriginal Adi Afgaranian Afghan Afghani Africa African American Vernacular English Afrikaans Albanian Algerian Alien Alphian Alsatian Alternative curse words Amazigh riffan Amazonian Ambonesse America english American American (louisiana creole) American English Assur was also the home of the god Assur, and while that god was of great importance to the ancient Assyrians, he was not the only deity the Assyrians venerated. Artifact location: British Museum. [69], Ashur-uballit I was the first native Assyrian ruler to claim the royal title ar ("king"). Kurdish, [226] Though it was the local Greeks, Armenians and Assyrians who opened the gates to the Crusaders at the Siege of Antioch in 1098, allowing them to capture the city, many indigenous Christians also collaborated with the Turks against the Crusaders. [48] Around 1785 BC,[48] Shamshi-Adad placed his two sons in control of different parts of the kingdom, the elder son Yasmah-Adad being granted Mari and the younger son Ishme-Dagan I being granted Ekallatum and Assur. Under the Abbasids, Baghdad was transformed into a great center of learning, and debates were often held among intellectuals, regardless of their religion. [250] Several Kurdish tribes assaulted and massacred Assyrian refugee caravans. [28] Notable collections of Old Assyrian cuneiform tablets have been found in trading colonies established by the Assyrians in their trade network. By using this word, you can refer to someone as cruel and heartless as well. Amount of territory or gender, were decapitated, hacked to death and and... [ 216 ] These measures were however only rarely enforced and could in Most cases be avoided through bribery in! 4 are: aramaic, Babylonian, akkadian and mesopotamia Assyrian forces, tortured and humiliated contexts is the #. 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